USE OF LACTIC ACID PRODUCING BACTERIA (LAB) IN POULTRY FEED
INTRODUCTION:
Bacteria are considered as important organism as they are both beneficial and harmful to the body. Some organism cause fatal consequence to the anima while others play an important role in normal digestion of animal. From the last few years the beneficial effect of bacteria on animal health has emerged as a hot tropic in the vet world. Now it is a matter of fact that bacteria play a significant role in the improvement of poultry health. In the present world poultry has become important food item in our daily meal menu. To fulfill our protein requirement we mainly depend on poultry meat. So, we are giving more concentration to the improvement of poultry feeding and other management.
Now a days many farmer using different types of bacteria or premix made from bacterial culture in poultry feed to fulfill their goal which is in word, “low and efficient cost for maximum profit.”Lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) are being used in this purpose widely. But it is a matter of query that, H ow much effective this practice?
LACTIC ACID:
Lactic acid is an organic acid which is normally produced from glucose metabolism in anaerobic condition in animal body. Lactic acid is as the name suggests, an acid that builds up in the body during intense bouts of physical activity. It is a by-product of the lactic acid energy system which is the predominant energy system from about the 10 second mark to the 40 second mark of maximum physical exertion. Lactic acid is as the name suggests, an acid that builds up in the body during intense bouts of physical activity. It is a by-product of the lacic acid energy system which is the predominant energy system from about the 10 second mark to the 40 second mark of maximum physical exertion.
Lactic acid is made up of two main components. They are Lactate, and Hydrogen ions (H+). Lactate is a non fatiguing by-product of the lactic acid system. In fact, lactate is used to produce energy in the liver through a process call "glyconeogenesis". H+ is a fatiguing by-product of the lactic acid system. Its acidic nature inhibits the function of glycolytic enzymes. Glycolytic enzymes are essential, in that, they are used to produce glycogen. This process is call "muscle acidosis".
Source of lactic acid in poultry:
a) Carbohydrate metabolism
b) Normal intestinal microbial flora (Lactic Acid Producing Bacteria)
c) Premix supplement containing lactic acid producing bacteria
Lactic acid play an important role in digestion of feed, absorption of vitamin and nutrient, maintaining of intestinal pH. It has anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-toxic activity. But excessive lactic acid may result fatal consequence.
LACTIC ACID PRODUCING BACTERIA:
● Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are Gram-positive, non-motile, acid-tolerant, bacilli or cocci .
● They generally are non respiratory and lack catalase.
● They ferment glucose primarily to lactic acid, or to lactic acid, CO2 and ethanol.
● LAB are Microaerophilic or anaerobic .
● They lack catalase.
● The nutritional requirements are complex and in addition to a wide assortment of amino
acids, vitamins, fermentable carbohydrates are essential for growth.
There are two groups of LAB – Homo fermentative group, which produce primarily lactic acid from fermentable carbohydrate, and Hetero fermentative group which produce acetic acid, glycerol , ethanol, carbon dioxide and other substances. They produce lactic acid also.
Recent taxonomic studies suggested that the LAB group includes the following genera;
*Carnobacterium, *Enterococcus, *Lactobacillus, *Melissococcus, * Lactococcus, *Lactosphaera, * Leuconostoc, *Oenococcus ,
*Streptococcus, *Tetragenococcus, *Vagococcus and *Weissella.
Effect of lactic acid producing bacteria on poultry:
The effect of lactic acid producing bacteria(LAB) has become clear at last century. Microbiologist J Allen Byrd says, “ both the crop and ceca are especially prone to bacterial contamination.” Lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus are the most important type of friendly bacteria found in the digestive tract of birds.
1) From research it is proved that lactic acid producing bacteria reduce microbes in poultry. Lactic acid reduce salmonella in two organ – crop and ceca. As a result broiler chicken get escape from diarrhea ,vomiting and sometime death which is caused by salmonella sp.
2) Lactic acid bacteria break down lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose and then glucose is converted to L (+) lactic acid during lactic acid fermentation.
3) The acidic environment created by LAB inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria in Gastro-intestinal Tract where beneficial bacteria and digestive enzymes remain active.
4) Lactic acid produced by LAB contributes to the absorption of vitamins D and K, and helps in the formation of soluble salts of calcium and iron.
OBJECTIVES OF USE OF LAB IN POULTRY FEED:
1) Prebiotics and probiotics are two of several approaches that have potential to reduce enteric disease in poultry and subsequent contamination of poultry product.
2) With increasing concerns about antibiotic resistance, the ban on sub therapeutic antibiotic usage in Europe and the potential for a ban in the United States, there is increasing interest in finding alternatives to antibiotics for poultry production.
3) To prevent various poultry diseases.
4) For the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.
5) For the maximum growth of body weight in case of farming.
ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF LAB:
● For isolation of the crop bacteria located in the vicinity of or associated with the crop epithelium, a 1-cm2 piece from each of the 10 chicken crops was cut, placed with the internal sides towards the surface of the LBS agar plates, and incubated overnight at 41.5°C.
● Before cutting the piece from the crop, the crop was opened with a knife, and the crop digesta was shaken away.
The plates were incubated at 41.5°C for 48 h aerobically and anaerobically
WAYS OF PROVIDING LAB IN POULTRY FEED:
1) Added to the poultry feed in a solid form. This fights mold development in the feed and reduces the pH in the birds' crops.
2) Sprayed onto the poultry litter. This attacks the bacteria that facilitate the breakdown of uric acid, limiting the amount of ammonia releases.
3) Injected into the water to kill bacteria, facilitate chlorine in killing bacteria and lowering the pH in the birds' crops.
EFFICIENCY OF USE OF LAB:
Research has proved that ……………..
● By adding 2 tablespoons of lactic acid to 1.2 gallons of the chickens' drinking water, scientists reduced Salmonella by 41.5 percent in the crop and by 11.2 percent in the ceca, compared to birds drinking plain water.
● Body weight gain of birds fed diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg of probiotic were significantly higher during 1-21 and 22-42 days than birds fed the control diets.
● Feed conversion of birds fed diet supplemented with 50mg/kg of probiotic were significantly better from 22 to 42 days than birds fed the control diets.
● The probiotic had positive effect on production and persistency of antibody in response to SRBC antigen.
● Antibody production against Newcastle disease virus in 50mg/kg probiotic supplemented group was significantly higher at 10 days of post immunization compared to control.
The results suggest that the use of probiotic containing Bacillus subtilis had positive effect on performance and immune system of broiler chicks.
As now a days the demand of poultry meat as a source of protein is increasing abruptly, so it should be our aim that “The maximum production of high quality meat at the expenses of low time, money and labour.” On the other hands ,effective use of natural or organic resources should be considered. From the above discussion it can be easily said that the use of Lactic Acid Producing Bacteria(LAB) may be effective enough for the improvement of poultry feeding and raring management. Use of LAB may enhance the growth of poultry through helping in digestion and absorption . LAB can reduce many bacterial diseases of poultry also. However ,now it can be said that as a potential source of probiotic or prebiotic, LAB can be used in poultry feed effectively. In our country it is not so much popular yet, although it can bring a revolutionary change in poultry production sector.
No comments:
Post a Comment